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Bibliography

Birth to 12 months

Barr H.M, Streissguth A.P., Martin D.C. and Herman C.S. (1984) "Infant size at eight months of age: Relationship to maternal use of alcohol, nicotine and caffeine during pregnancy" Pediatrics 74: 336-341.

Coles C.D., Smith I.E., Fernhoff P.M. and Falek A. (1985) "Neonatal neurobehavioral characteristics as correlates of maternal alcohol use during gestation" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 9: 5: 1-7.

Day N.L., Richardson G. Robles N. et al (1990) "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on growth and morphology of offspring at eight months" Pediatrics 85: 748-752.

Fried P.A. and O'Connell C.M. (1987) "A comparison of the effects of prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and caffeine on birth size and subsequent growth" Neurobehavioral Toxicology 9: 79-85.

Jacobson S.W., Jacobson J.L., Sokol R.J. et al (1993) "Teratogenic effects of alcohol on infant development" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 17: 1: 174-183.

Thirteen months to three years

Autti-Ramo L., Korkman M., Hilakivi-Clarke L. et al (1992) "Mental development of 2 year old children exposed to alcohol in utero" Journal of Pediatrics 120: 740-746.

Boyd T.A., Ernhart C.B., Greene T.H. et al (1991) "Prenatal alcohol exposure and sustained attention in the preschool years" Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology13: 49-55.

Chandler L.S., Richardson G.A. Gallacher J.D. et al (1996) "Prenatal exposure to alcohol and marijuana: Effects on motor development of preschool children" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research20: 455-461.

Day N.L., Robles N., Richardson G.A., et al (1991) "The effects of prenatal alcohol use on the growth of children at three years" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15: 67-71.

Florey C., Taylor T., Bolumer F. et al (1992) "A European Concerted Action: Maternal alcohol consumption and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy and child development at 18 months" International Journal of Epidemiology Supplement 1: 21

Forrest F., Florey C., Taylor T. et al (1991) "Reported social alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infants' development at 18 months" British Medical Journal 303: 22-26.

Gusella J.L. and Fried P.A. (1984) Effects of maternal social drinking and smoking on offspring at 13 months" Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 6: 13-17.

Morrow_Tlucak M., Ernhart C.B. (1987) "Maternal perinatal substance use and behavior at age three" (Abstract) Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 11:213.

Olsen J. (1994) "Effects of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy on child development at 18 and 42 months" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18: 1109-1113

 Schandler S.L., Thomas C.S. and Cohen M.J. (1995) "Spatial learning deficits in preschool children of alcoholics" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19: 1067-1072.

Three  to six years

Barr H.M., Streissguth A.P., Darby B.L.  et al (1990) "Prenatal exposure to alcohol, caffeine, tobacco and aspirin: Effects on fine and gross motor performance in 4 year old children" Developmental Psychology 26: 339-348.

Brown R.T., Coles C.D., Smith I.E. et al (1991) "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age: Attention and behavior"  Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13: 369-376.

Coles C.D., Brown R.T.,  Smith I.E. et al (1991) "Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at 6 years: Physical and cognitive development" Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13:1-11.

Day N.L., Goldschmidt L., Robles N.,  et al (1991) "Prenatal exposure and offspring growth at eighteen months of age: The predictive validity of two measures of drinking" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15: 914-918.

Day N.L., Richardson G.A., Geva D. and Robles N.(1994) "Alcohol ,marijuana and tobacco: Effects of prenatal exposure on offspring growth and morphology at age six" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18:786-794.

Fried P.A. and Watkinson B. (1990) "36- and 48-month neurobehavioral follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes and alcohol" Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics11: 49-58

Fried P.A., O'Connell C.M. and Watkinson B. (1992) "60- and 72-month follow-up of children prenatally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes and alcohol: Cognitive and language assessment" Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 13: 383-391.

Fried P.A., Watkinson B. and Gray R. (1992) "A follow-up study of attentional behaviour in 6-year-old children exposed prenatally to marihuana, cigarettes and alcohol" Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology 14: 299-311.

Graham J.M., Hanson J.W., Darby B.L. et al (1988) "Independent dismorphology evaluations at birth and four years of age for children exposed to varying amounts of alcohol in utero" Pediatrics 81: 6: 772-778.

Greene T., Ernhart C.B., Ager H. et al (1990) "Prenatal alcohol exposure and cognitive development in the preschool years" Neurobehavioural Toxicology and Teratology 13: 57-68.

Greene T., Ernhart C.B., Sokol R.N. et al (1991) "Prenatal alcohol exposure and preschool physical growth" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15: 905-913.

Janzen L.A., Nanson J.L. and Block G.W. (1994) "Neuropsychological functioning in preschoolers with FAS"  Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17: 3: 273-279.

Streissguth A.P., Martin D.C., Barr H.M. et al (1984) "Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure: Attention and reaction time in four year olds" Developmental Psychology 20: 533-541.

Six to nine years

Streissguth A.P., Barr H.M. and Sampson P.D. (1990) "Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure: Effects on child IQ and learning problems at 7.5 years" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 14: 662-669.

Streissguth A.P., Bookstein F.L.,Sampson P.D.and Barr H.M. (1993) The Enduring Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure on Child Development: Birth through Seven Years. a Partial Least Squares Solution Ann Arbor Michigan: University of Michigan Press

Ten to thirteen years

Adolescents and Adults

LaDue R.A., Streissguth A.P., Randells S.P. (1989) Clinical considerations pertaining to adolescents and adults with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.  In Sonderegger T. (Ed) (1989) Perinatal Substance Abuse: Research Findngs and Clinical Implications Baltimore. Johns Hopkins Press. 

McCreight B. (1997) Late Adolescence In McCreight B. Recognising and Managing Children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome/Fetal Alcohol Effects: A Guidebook Chapter 10 Washington DC: Child Welfare League of America Inc. 

Olson H.C., Feldman J.J., Streissguth A.P. and Gonzalez R.D. (1992) "Neuropsychological deficits and life adjustments in adolescents and adults with Fetal alcohol Syndrome" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16: 380.

Sampson P.D., Bookstein F.L., Barr H.M. and Streissguth A.P. (1994) "Prenatal alcohol exposure, birthweight and measures of child size from birth to age fourteen years" American Journal of Public Health 84: 1421-1428.

Spohr H.L. Willms J. and Steinhausen H.C. (1994) "The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in adolescence" Acta Pediatrica Supplement 404: 19-26.

Streissguth A.P., Barr H.M. and Olson H.C. et al (1994) "Drinking during pregnancy decreases word attack and arithmetic scores on standarized tests: Adolescent data from a population-based prospective study" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18: 248-254. 

General References 

Aase J.M., Jones K.L. and Clarren S.K. (1995) "Do we need the term "FAE"? Journal of Pediatrics 95: 3: 428-430.

Astley S.J. and Clarren S.K. (1995) "A Fetal Alcohol Syndrome screening tool" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19: 1565-1571.

Russell M. and Skinner J.B. (1988) "Early measures of maternal alcohol use as predictorsof adverse pregnancy outcomes" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 12: 824-930.

Russell M., Czarnecki D.M., Cowan R. et al (1991) "Measures of maternal alcohol use as predictors of development in early childhood" Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 15: 991-1000.

Russell M., Martier S.S., Sokol R.J. et al (1994) "Screening for pregnancy risk taking"   Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 18: 1156-1161.

Stratton K.R., Howe C.J. and Battaglia F.C. (Eds) (1996) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment Washington D.C.: National Academy Press (this is the National Institute of Medicine book defining the new diagnostic paradigms)

Streissguth A.P. (1997) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: A guide to families and communities Baltimore U.S.: Brookes Publishing Company